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KMK:Ðåëÿöèîííûå êîíöåïöèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè è áîðüáà âîêðóã íèõ â XX ñòîëåòèè, Øàòàëêèí À.È.

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Ðåëÿöèîííûå êîíöåïöèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè è áîðüáà âîêðóã íèõ â XX ñòîëåòèè

Øàòàëêèí À.È.


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«back
Ðåëÿöèîííûå êîíöåïöèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè è áîðüáà âîêðóã íèõ â XX ñòîëåòèè
Øàòàëêèí À.È.
2015. Òèðàæ 700 ýêç.
Öåíà 500 ðóá.  
Ââîäèòñÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ðåëÿöèîííîé íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè — âîñïðîèçâåäåíèè ó ðîäèòåëåé è èõ ïîòîìêîâ ñõîäíîé ñèñòåìû æèçíåîáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ îòíîøåíèé è îáóñëîâëåííûõ èìè ýìåðäæåíòíûõ ñâîéñòâ. Ýâîëþöèîííî ñëîæèâøååñÿ àäàïòèâíîå åäèíñòâî îðãàíèçìà ñî ñâîåé ñðåäîé îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì îáìåíîì âåùåñòâ, ò.å. íà ðåëÿöèîííîé îñíîâå. Ñïåöèôè÷åñêèé îáìåí âåùåñòâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìàòåðèàëüíîé îñíîâîé íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè äàííîãî òèïà. Ïîñêîëüêó îáìåí âîçìîæåí ëèøü â ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííîì ïðîñòðàíñòâå, ìèíèìàëüíîé ÿ÷åéêîé êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëåòêà, òî ïîñëåäíÿÿ âûñòóïàåò â êà÷åñòâå íàèìåíüøåé åäèíèöû ðåëÿöèîííîé íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè. Èç îòå÷åñòâåííûõ àâòîðîâ ðåëÿöèîííûå êîíöåïöèè íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè ðàçðàáàòûâàëè àêàäåìèêè Ëûñåíêî è Øìàëüãàóçåí. Ïî Øìàëüãàóçåíó, íàñëåäñòâåííîñòü âûðàæàåòñÿ â ñõîäíûõ ñòðóêòóðàõ è ôóíêöèÿõ, âîçîáíîâëÿþùèõñÿ (ò.å. çàíîâî ðàçâèâàþùèõñÿ) ó ðîäèòåëåé è èõ ïîòîìêîâ. Êëåòî÷íàÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàñëåäñòâåííîé îñíîâîé, íà áàçå êîòîðîé ïðîèñõîäèò ðàçâèòèå (âîçîáíîâëåíèå) ñõîäíûõ ñòðóêòóð. Ìîäåëü íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè, ïðåäëîæåííàÿ Ëûñåíêî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàçâèòèåì ýâîëþöèîííûõ èäåé Ëàìàðêà. Âûñêàçàíî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî íîðìà ðåàêöèè îðãàíèçìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêîé ðåëÿöèîííîé (àíàëîãîâîé) íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè, íå ìàòðè÷íîé, êàê îáû÷íî óòâåðæäàåòñÿ. Íà äàííûé ìîìåíò ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü î òðåõ íåïðîòèâîðå÷èâûõ îïðåäåëåíèÿõ íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè, îñíîâàííûõ íà îöåíêå ðàçíûõ êàòåãîðèé ïðèçíàêîâ: òðàäèöèîííîì (äëÿ ìåíäåëåâñêèõ ìîíîìîðôíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ) è äâóõ ðåëÿöèîííûõ, ïðåäëîæåííûõ Ëûñåíêî (äëÿ ñëîæíûõ áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ) è Øìàëüãàóçåíîì (äëÿ âåðòèêàëüíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ, ò.å. ñëîæíûõ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð, ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ â èõ ðàçâèòèè). Ïîïûòêà êëàññè÷åñêîé ãåíåòèêè äàòü îáùåå îïðåäåëåíèå íàñëåäñòâåííîñòè, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ââåäåíèåì ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ î íîðìå ðåàêöèè ãåíîòèïà, îêàçàëàñü íåóäà÷íîé. Êîíôëèêò äâóõ ñîâåòñêèõ øêîë — êëàññè÷åñêîé ãåíåòèêè è ìè÷óðèíñêîé áèîëîãèè, îáåðíóâøèéñÿ çàïðåòîì ïåðâîé ëåòîì 1948 ã., íå áûë ñâÿçàí ñ íàó÷íûìè ðàñõîæäåíèÿìè. Òðàãè÷åñêèå ñîáûòèÿ áûëè ðåçóëüòàòîì ñòðåìëåíèÿ èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ãðóïï, èçó÷àâøèõ íàñëåäñòâåííîñòü, ïîñòàâèòü ïîä ñâîé êîíòðîëü íàó÷íóþ ìûñëü è èñïîëüçîâàòü äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòîãî âëèÿíèå è ïîääåðæêó ñî ñòîðîíû âëàñòíûõ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóð. Îäíàêî ïîëèòèêè, ïîìîãàÿ, ìîãóò ïðåñëåäîâàòü è ñâîè öåëè, äàëåêèå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îò èíòåðåñîâ ñàìîé íàóêè. Èìåííî ýòî èìåëî ìåñòî â ãåíåòèêå è ïðèâåëî ê òðàãåäèè.  êíèãå ïðîñëåæèâàþòñÿ ïåðèïåòèè ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿ íàøèõ ó÷åíûõ è ðîëü ïîëèòèêîâ â îáîñòðåíèè ýòîãî ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿ äî ñîñòîÿíèÿ «âîéíû» íà óíè÷òîæåíèå. Áåçäîêàçàòåëüíîå âûñòàâëåíèå ìè÷óðèíñêîé áèîëîãèè êàê ëæåíàóêè, êàê «ñîáðàíèÿ àáñóðäíûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé» îáåðíóëîñü ïðîòèâ îòå÷åñòâåííûõ ó÷åíûõ. Ýòî óæå âîøëî â òðàäèöèþ íå ïðèçíàâàòü íåîðäèíàðíûå ðåçóëüòàòû íàøèõ ó÷åíûõ, åñëè äî ýòîãî îíè íå áûëè ïîëó÷åíû íà çàïàäå, íå ïðèçíàâàòü êàê ñîìíèòåëüíûå, ïîäîçðèòåëüíûå, çà êîòîðûìè ìîãóò ñòîÿòü «íàó÷íûå øàðëàòàíû» òèïà Ëûñåíêî.


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-> Åñòåñòâåííûå íàóêè -> Îáùàÿ áèîëîãèÿ
-> Åñòåñòâåííûå íàóêè -> Èñòîðèÿ áèîëîãèè. Âîñïîìèíàíèÿ

 


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